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Zollverein! Four of the five old shaft sites have been preserved along with the underground equipment, the central coking plant, the spoil tips, the transport sites and the colliers’ housing estates. In short the "Zollverein industrial mining complex“ is a perfect example of the coalmining and coal processing industry in the 19th and 20th century. Zollverein is the only mining site in the world where the complex processes involved in this branch of industry can be seen and clearly understood. For this reason Zollverein is the symbol of industrial heritage in the Ruhr Area, the region in Germany most deeply affected by the social, economic, aesthetic and industrial upheavals during the age of coal and steel.

The huge resources of coal – so-called "black gold" – in the Ruhr Area, first revealed by a series of test drillings, were regarded in the 19th century as the major source of power for the future. In 1847 the Duisburg industrialist, Franz Haniel (1779-1868), purchased 13 adjoining coalfields, sunk the first shaft and named the pit "Zollverein" (lit: customs union) regarding to the free trade area between 14 German states that had come into existence in 1834. The name was a byword for the aim: the German customs union was a synonym for economic upturn and prosperity. Indeed Zollverein expanded continually. In 1851, the first year of production, 256 colliers produced 13.000 tons of coal. By 1890 the workforce has increased tenfold and production levels had exploded to one million tons of coal a year - 75 times as much as in the first year.

This meant that ever more coalfields had to be exlploited, new shafts sunk, and surface buildings and equipment erected. By the outbreak of the First World War Zollverein had grown to four independent shaft sites with a total of 10 shafts.

In order to modernise the site even further, the Haniel family – the sole owner of Zollverein to date – formed a syndicate with the Phoenix AG for Mining and Steelmaking. In 1926 Zollverein was finally integrated into the newly founded United Steelworks Inc. This provided a financial basis on which to implement plans for a central shaft site.

The watchword was rationalisation. By channelling the transport and preparation of all the coal mined at Zollverein into a single shaft site, the company aimed to quadruplicate the capacity compared to the amount produced in an average coal mine. In 1927 two young architects, Martin Kremmer and Fritz Schupp, began work on designing the new central shaft site XII on the principle of "form follows function". Thus they arranged the surface buildings to guarantee the most efficient sequence of procedures for bringing the coal to the surface and preparing it for the market. The principle worked. When Shaft XII went into operation at Zollverein on 1st February 1932, all the other winding shafts for hauling coal to the surface ceased to operate. Zollverein was now the largest colliery in the Ruhr Area with a daily output of 12.000 tons of coal. Compared to 1851 it was now possible to produce as much coal in a single day as had been produced in a whole year.

Zollverein was not simply the largest coalmining in the area, it was generally known as the "the most beautiful colliery in the world". Its design was architecturally rooted in the style of "Neue Sachlichkeit“ (lit: new objectivity): strong symmetrical and geometric lines, individual cubic buildings in a correspondingly strict arrangement on the site. The buildings were placed in parallel lines to make up two axes crossing each other at right angles. The 55 meter twin pithead gear towered over the centre of the first axis, the producing axis. At the end of the second axis, the supply axis, stood a 106 meter chimney stack belonging to the boiler house, that had to be torn down in 1979. The formal language is objective, condensed, and aesthetic, with unified red brick facades set in a steel trelliswork. Shaft XII was conceived in its totality as a monument. In this respect the site was a perfect reflection of the representational requirements of its owner, the United Steelworks Inc., Europe's largest coal and steel concern.

The coking plant west of Shaft XII was constructed between 1957 and 1961 in the same style – also according to designs made by Fritz Schupp. It went into operation on the 12th September 1961. The geographical and architectural proximity to shaft XII also symbolised its functional proximity.

The coal brought to the surface at the central shaft was also prepared according to the principle of rationalisation. The coking plant, too, could boast of record production levels. After it was expanded in the 1970s, 10.000 tons of coal were "baked" into 8600 tons of coke every day on the "black side" of the plant, in a total of 304 ovens at temperatures of up to 1250°. The resulting gases were piped through to the "white side" of the plant and processed into a

Portrait Of A Gentleman, Thought To Be English Navigator Thomas Cavendish (1560?1592). Attributed To John Bettes The Younger (C.1530-1615/6). Oil On Panel.

Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (September 19, 1560[1], Trimley St. Martin, Suffolk, England died c. May 1592, in the North Atlantic) was known as "the Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately set out to circumnavigate the globe. While members of Magellan's, Loaisa's, Drake's, and Loyola's expeditions had preceded Cavendish in circumnavigating the globe, it had not been their intent at the outset. After his first circumnavigation, which made him rich from Spanish gold, he set out for a second but was not as fortunate and died a young man of 32 at sea.

Cavendish was born in 1560 at Trimley St. Martin near Ipswich, Suffolk, England. He was a descendant of Roger Cavendish, brother to Sir John Cavendish from whom the Dukes of Devonshire and the Dukes of Newcastle derive their family name of Cavendish. At the age of 15 he attended Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University for two years, 1575-1577, but did not take a degree. He was a member of the Parliament for Shaftesbury, Dorset, in 1584. He sailed with Sir Richard Grenville to Virginia in 1585. He was a member of Parliament for Wilton, 1586. He circumnavigated the globe between 1586-1588. Embarked on a second voyage around the world in 1591 and died of unknown causes in the South Atlantic in 1592.

When Cavendish was 12 he inherited a fortune from his deceased father, but after leaving school at age 17, for the next 8 years or so he spent most of it on luxurious living. Determined to make a new fortune at sea, he purchased the small ship Elizabeth and took part in Sir Richard Grenville's 1585 expedition to Virginia.

In July 1586, determined to follow Drake by circumnavigating the globe, Cavendish built a larger ship named the Desire. His small fleet set out from Harwich on 27 June 1586 and reached the Strait of Magellan on 6 June 1587. They emerged from the strait into the Pacific on 24 February and sailed up the coast of South America, reaching the southern tip of California in October 1587. Along the way he burned three Spanish towns and thirteen ships and visited the ruins of the failed Spanish settlement of Rey Don Felipe and renamed it Port Famine.

In early November 1587 Cavendish captured the 600-ton Spanish galleon Santa Anna off Cabo San Lucas, looting the ship of its valuable cargo, which included over 122,000 silver dollars, at the time the richest Spanish treasure to fall into English hands. Cavendish's ship was too small to carry all the treasure, and he did not have enough men to sail the Spanish galleon, so he burned the galleon and sent it and the remaining treasure to the bottom of the harbour. Cavendish also captured a Spanish pilot, Alonso de Valladolid, who knew the way across the Pacific.

Cavendish then sailed across the Pacific to the Philippine Islands where he learned about the Chinese and Japanese coasts, which he hoped to use on a second voyage. Off Cabo, Cavendish took with him two Japanese adventurers, only known by their Christian names, Christopher and Cosmas, who accompanied him during his expeditions between 1587 and 1591. He also came into possession of a large map of China. By 14 May 1587 he reached the coast of Africa and finally reached England on 9 September 1588, completing the circumnavigation of the globe nine months faster than Drake, but, like Drake, returning with only one of his ships, the Desire.

His voyage was a huge success financially and otherwise; Cavendish was only 28. Many later accounts say that he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for his actions against the Spanish, however historian David Judkins says "Although Elizabeth received him, she did not knight him."[1]

Cavendish sailed on a second expedition in August 1591 on the Lester, accompanied by John Davis on the Desire. They reached the Brazil harbour port of Santos, which they looted. Going further south to the Strait of Magellan, the Lester nearly foundered. Cavendish then returned to Brazil, where he lost most of his crew in a battle against the Portuguese at the Village of Vitoria, in the State of Espirito Santo. He set off across the Atlantic towards Saint Helena with the remainder of the crew, but died, possibly off Ascension Island. John Davis continued on and discovered the Falkland Islands, before returning to England with most of his crew lost to starvation and illness.